ABSTRACT
El envejecimiento global es uno de los grandes desafíos sanitarios del siglo XXI, el 2030 una de cada seis personas tendrá ≥ 60 años. En Chile se proyecta un 32,1% para el 2050. Esta realidad demográfica desafía a la enfermería en el abordaje multidimensional del envejecimiento. La espiritualidad como atributo de la autotrascendencia es un factor condicionante de acciones promotoras de salud en las personas mayores. Desde la perspectiva de la Dra. Reed, se presentan los resultados de validación de su Escala de Perspectiva Espiritual. La población fue de 202 personas mayores en promedio de 71 años (D.E.= 8,2338). El método utilizado fue diseño psicométrico y corte transversal. La escala general presentó; α de Cronbach=0,92; dimensiones prácticas espirituales α de Cronbach= 0,822; dimensión creencias espirituales α de Cronbach=0,914. El análisis de modelo de un factor (CFI=0,956, RMSEA=0,167 IC95% [0,147 - 0,188] y un c2=232,762; p=0,000), como de dos factores coherentes con la estructura teórica propuesta por Reed (CFI=0,984; RMSEA=0,102 IC95% [0,081 0,125] y c2=105,890; p=0,000), presentaron cargas factoriales altas y relativamente homogéneas. La escala general y las subescalas de creencias y prácticas espirituales mostraron adecuada confiabilidad. El análisis de modelos anidados mostró un mejor ajuste del modelo de dos factores. Los resultados suman para afirmar que la Escala de Perspectiva Espiritual, contribuye a la precisión empírica, potencial heurístico y verificabilidad de la Teoría de Transcendencia de Reed. Se vislumbra que la espiritualidad es un factor mediador en la relación entre la vulnerabilidad, autotrascendencia y bienestar de la persona mayor.
Global aging is one of the great health challenges of the 21st century. By 2030, one in six people will be ≥60 years of age, with 32.1% projected for Chile by 2050. This demographic reality challenges nursing in the multidimensional approach to aging. The dimension of spirituality as an attribute of self-transcendence is a conditioning factor of health promoting actions in the elderly. The validation results of Dr. Reed's Spiritual Perspective Scale are presented. The population included 202 people older than 71 years on average (SD= 8.2338). The method used was a psychometric and cross-sectional design. The general scale presented Cronbach's α=0.92; spiritual practical dimension, Cronbach's α=0.822; spiritual beliefs dimension, Cronbach's α=0.914. The analysis of a one-factor model (CFI=.956, RMSEA=0.167 IC95% [0.147-0.188] and c2=232.762; p=0.000), as two factors consistent with the theoretical structure proposed by Reed (CFI=0.984; RMSEA=0.102 IC95% [0.081-0.125] and c2=105.890; p=0.000), presented high and relatively homogeneous factorial loads. The general scale and the subscales of spiritual beliefs and practices showed adequate reliability. The analysis of nested models showed a better adjustment of the two-factor model. The results collectively affirm that the Spiritual Perspective Scale contributes to the empirical precision, heuristic potential, and verifiability of Reed's Theory of Transcendence. It is observed that spirituality is a mediating factor in the relationship between vulnerability, self-transcendence, and well-being of humans.
ABSTRACT
Background: Frailty is not universal among older people but increases the risk of dependence. Aim: To assess frailty among older people and its relationship with biological, psychological and social factors. Material and Methods: Seven hundred fifty four older people aged 73 ± 6 years (61% females), attending a public primary care were assessed. Frailty was defined according to Fried criteria that considers inexplicable weight loss, tiredness, muscle weakness and lack of physical activity. Results: Absence of frailty, pre-frailty and frailty was found in 26, 69 and 5% of participants, respectively. Significant differences between frailty groups were observed for age, gender, years of studies, minimental and self-efficacy scores. Among participants defined as being in a pre-frail condition, 59% were non-disabled without risk and 41% non-disabled in risk, according to the functional assessment for older people used in Chilean primary care clinics. Conclusions: Frailty among older people is associated with increasing age, education, cognitive status and self-efficacy.